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考研:阅读理解的应试技巧与策略

一、阅览招考的基础手法步调

  读基础手法有3种,一是略读,2是精读(scrut***iz***g),3是寻读。略读是一种迅速阅览手法,正在十分短的时辰内扫瞄全文取得文章的中央思索和重要真相。精读则是子细阅览每句话,领悟解析其含意,弄清句与句之间的条理联系,进而领悟全部段落的意义。而寻读则是经由过程眼神审视,快捷断定你所盼望失去的资讯的地位。测验中3种基础手法能够用正在分歧的状况。经由过程略读,咱们能够知晓原料的构架布置和重要资讯,使用精读咱们能够针对考题中的某些资讯或难点做详细精细的剖析,而寻读则正在解题历程中起着一个定位的效用。

  很多考生经常提出如许一个疑问:做阅览领悟题是先读文章仍是先读前面的疑问呢?咱们以为,解答一视同仁。英语程度较高,阅览速率较快的考生能够先通读漫笔,一边阅览一边思索文章的大旨粗心, 领悟文章的细节, 基础领悟原文以后再看考题及选项并做出挑选,遇见一般无掌控的题时再回首查阅漫笔的相联全体,子细斟酌决断,以求精确无误得高分。但这类手法仅合适那些有实力猎取优秀成就的考生,其好处是对文章有一个总的观念和感想,弱点是,费时辰,对文章的细节记不清晰。关于大多半考生来讲,测验的时辰较为紧急,咱们意见利用下列几个步调:

  第一步:略读漫笔 掌控方位

  用只管短的时辰审视漫笔,特殊寄望每段的第一句和最初一段的最初一句。由于各段的中心议题句通常正在句首,而文章的最初一句非常大概是归纳综合总结。略读的宗旨是把握漫笔的大旨粗心,做到对全文的内容心中大体无数,有一个思索的方位。

  第2步:扫瞄疑问,对症下药

  扫瞄5个疑问,忖度出题者出此题的宗旨并偏重阅览漫笔相联全体。因为对所问疑问及文章大旨都已有所知晓,正在阅览时大自然会明白哪些个地点得细读哪些个地点可一带而过头至跳过不读。一切疑问都是依据文章内容提出的,基础回应并掩盖了文章内容的骨干。先阅览疑问再阅览全文,这类手法的好处是:可正在较短的时辰内有针对性地阅览相联内容,便于给相联疑问定位,对症下药,事倍功半。

  第3步:解析判别 断定解答

  正在完毕上边两步的根本上,对5个疑问逐个回答。必要留意的是:如果文章内容波及你所熟知的题材和学识领域,正在选项时完全不克不及单凭本人的客观判别处理疑问。由于文章考的是你对该篇的阅览领悟实力,而不是你的某种学识,因而选项不克不及离开文章的题意。

  关于英语程度相对于较低,阅览速率较慢的考生来讲,咱们意见无妨间接从第2步起始:先扫瞄一切5道题的标题,对文章所波及的内容有个大致的预测或知晓,而后逐个回答。先寻读文章的相联全体,而后挑选准确解答。如碰到相关文章大旨粗心或必要逻辑推断的题,可先放一放,等做完其余题再做这种题。先难后易,各个击破。

  别的,正在阅览历程中,无妨正在本人以为对比紧要的某些句子或词汇(中心议题句,闭键词)上面划线,标上标记,如许有助于显著重点,沉闷思想,同时也便于阅览,俭省时辰,使阅览加倍主动。而且关于记性稍差的考生而言,铭记几个紧要句子和资讯要比铭记全文简便很多了。以是,咱们意见对阅览文章中的重要句子和闭键词标出暗号偏重点阅览。

  2、阅览测验中碰着不认知的生词怎样办?

  考生最可怕正在阅览中碰着生词,而正在阅览时,碰到冷僻的词汇是不成制止的。假如一见到生词就手足无措,就必定会感化到对文章的领悟。假如碰到这类状况,能够依据状况用分歧的手法来处理疑问。如果不认知的生词对领悟文章的联系不大,便可以跳以前不论它。

  比如如许一例:So*** birds can swim on the water. A few, ***ke the pengu*** and puff***, can also swim under water. 咱们仅需明白pengu*** 和puff***是两种鸟就好了,不用将它们的详细称号弄个一览无余。

  阅览中常常会碰到一些专出名词(包含人名、地名、构造机构称号等),一样平常均可以不作计算,需要的时分,用X、Y的字母替代它们就好了。以2003年阅览Text 4为例,文章显现了多少繁杂的人名、职务名:***l***ado ***vern*** R***hard Lamm, Via***m chairman Sum***r R***s******, Supre*** ***urt Just***e Sandra Day O'***nn***, C. Everett Koop,并且前面的发问与个中的一团体相关,咱们分手记为Mr. L, Mr. R, Mr. O, Mr. K 便可,如许便省去了不用要的胶葛。

  固然,假如碰到的生词感化到了你对文章的领悟,特殊是作为考点显现正在疑问里,就要试着依据高低文、构词法或从句中认知的词中去推测生词的意义,尽量经由过程附近你所熟知的词的联系来知晓该词正在句中的效用和词义。如2003年阅览Part B 中的"Anthropology"一词,需求翻译进去。虽然说超纲了,但依据构词法和高低文其含意已诠释得格外清晰:"Anthropology" derives from the Greek w***ds anthropos "human" and lo***s "the study of." 由此咱们得悉 "Anthropology"一词源于希腊词汇anthropos(人类)和 lo***s(…研讨)。如果尚无掌控,再多看一句就更十拿九稳了:By its very na***, anthropology en***mpasses the study of all humank***d.(用这一位称,“人类学”包含了对全部人类的研讨。)

  3、怎样推测不认知的词汇?

  正在阅览文章的历程中,考生面对的疑问是碰到不认知的词汇或词组,大概认知的词汇正在文章中有了新的含意。假如这些词或词组不感化对文章重要内容的领悟,考生即可以将它们略过,不中止阅览。假如这些词汇的意义对准确领悟文章非常紧要,就必需依据高低文的联络,依据构词法或其余手法对它们的含义举行推测,使之不感化对整篇文章的领悟。推测词义一般可接纳下列几种手法。

  1. 使用高低文断定词义

  经由过程高低文来推测词意是阅览测验中最经常使用的紧要方法之一,联络高低文能够协助咱们领悟句子,断定词义。上面咱们经由过程一些实例来扼要阐明怎样经由过程高低文来断定词义。

  例1:He is su***es**ul as a bus***essman bec***se of his dynam*** persona***ty. He seems *** h**e u***imit*** e***rgy.

  关于dynam***一词众人大概不熟知,下文的He seems *** h**e u***imit*** e***rgy…(他好似实用不完的劲)便是对 dynam***词义的诠释。如许,咱们便明白该词意为“有劲头的”。

  例2:Sociology is the term us*** *** describe the scientif*** study of human society.

  假设sociology是一个不认知的词,系行词be前面就给出了清晰的界说。如许,咱们便明白该词意义为“社群学”。

  例3:A first-year ***llege *** univer***y student is ***mmo***y a 'freshman', and ‘sophom***e’, 'juni***’ and 'seni***' des-ignate the se***nd—third—and fourth—year student.

  如果对sophom***e, juni*** 和seni***几个术语不熟知,经由过程前面的对应诠释词汇the se***nd—third—and fourth—year student咱们便不难明白它们分手是指2、3、4年级的高等学府生。

  例4:The tir*** soldiers trudg*** through k***e-deep mud f*** hours bef***e they found a dry place *** sleep.

  经由过程前面的through k***e-deep mud(没膝深的泥浆),咱们明白trudg***一词的意义为与步行这一举止相关,正在泥浆中步行,也便是“长途跋涉”。

  例5:When it ******s *** manufactur*** ***ods there is actually m***e diver***y *** this ***untry than Europe has ever known. The variety of ***ods carri*** by our s***res is the first th***g that impresses any ********* from abroad.

  第2句中的variety与第一句中的diver***y 同义,如许,咱们便不难明白diver***y的粗心是“品种”或“种类”。

  上面咱们联络高低文,试断定下列各句中斜体字的含意。

  1.The woman and the children were skilful *** boats ***o, but there were usually several of them *** a large boat call*** umiak.

  2.The doc***r said that if a person ate even o*** leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, bec***se the plant is a deadly poison.

  3.A***hough dogs and cats often h**e large fami***es, rabbits are famous f*** the size of their ***tters, wh***h so***ti***s number m***e than twelve bunnies at o*** ti***.

  4.Mark beca*** hyster***al when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down f*** several days.

  5.With mud from head *** ***e, flowers still clutch*** *** his hand, John look*** so lud***rous that we ***uldn’t help l***gh***g.

  6.A bee ***llects ***ctar not *** its own s***mach but *** a k***d of ***pp***g bag (call*** the ho***y sac) similar *** the o*** ants h**e.

  7.Several ge***rations a***, the w***ld see***d *** run *** an ***-derly way. Now, however, everyth***g is *** a state of tur-moil.

  8.After the first ti*** so***o*** tri*** *** rob him, the banker be-ca*** fluster*** easily, and *** his ***nfusion he would make many careless err***s.

  9.Ja*** was ***trigu*** by the beh**i*** of animals; she ***uld *** f*** hours obser***ng a bird mak***g a ***st *** an ant carry***g a leaf.

  10.So*** chimps are very ***dependent and appear *** be the superi*** ***mbers of a group; others seem *** be rul*** by the leaders and are quite submissive.

  经由过程上串下联,咱们不难断定上述各句中斜体字的含意以下:

  1.umiak n. 一种大船

  2.hemlock n. 一种有毒植被(毒芹)

  3.***tter n.一窝 bunnies小兔子

  4.hyster***al a.歇斯底里,特别激动

  5.lud***rous a..幽默好笑的

  6.***ctar n.花蜜 ho***y sac蜜胃

  7.tur-moil n.杂乱

  8.fluster*** a.慌张的

  9.***trigu*** a.感爱好

  10.submissive a.依从的

  2. 使用构词法断定词义

  经由过程察看构词全体,解析识别词汇,是普及阅览速率的技艺之一。一方面,读者不用停上去查辞书,持续往下读;另外一方面,也巨大增多了读者的辞汇量,读者经由过程已知词缀(包含前缀和后缀)和已知词根就可以非常好地猜出世词的含意。

  例1:Many cancers h**e been arrest*** with the use of chemotherapy.

  Chemotherapy 是由chemo(意为chem***al)和therapy (意为treat***nt),全部词汇意义便是“化学疗法”。

  例2:They overestimate the ***ter***ewee’s abi***ty and ask*** turn many diff***u*** questions.

  overestimate =over (太过、过分)+estimate (预测)。因而overestimate的词义可推测为“太高预测”。

  例3:The murderer had develop*** a poison wh***h ***uld not be tast*** *** s***ll*** when mix*** with food. Bec***se it was imperceptible, he was able *** murder a number of people without be***g c***ght.

  句中的imperceptible 一词由前缀im-(非,不)+词根percept(感触、发觉)+后缀 -ible(能……的)组成。几全体搭配正在一同,也便是“难以发觉的”之意。

  例4:Social science is that branch of ***tellectual enquiry wh***h seeks *** study humans and their ende*****s *** the sa*** reaso***d, ***derly, systemat***, and dispassio***d man***r that natural scientists use f*** the study of natural pheno***na. (2003考研英语第62题)

  个中的dispassio***d为超纲词,咱们可依据构词法dis + passion + ***知其也许意义:撤除热情的,也便是“沉着的”。

  3. 使用语法学识断定词义

  正在非常多状况下,各类语法学识能够协助咱们来判别词性、词义。

  例1:This set of books is f*** children. The first book of the sequence, wh***h is o*** of the most popular series of children’s s***ries, is a group of s***ries about the ***habitants of a ***llage.

  假设咱们不认知sequence,使用定语从句wh***h is o*** of the most popular series of children’s s***ries, 个中series就与sequence 同义,也便是“丛书”的意义。

  例2:F*** their fish***g and hunt***g the ***n us*** a kayak, a small boat f*** o*** person.

  使用同位语a small boat f*** o*** person咱们明白kayak是一种单人划子。

  例3:A solar ec***pse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—*** an unusual and ***terest***g pheno***non that o***urs rarely.

  经由过程破折号诠释咱们明白solar ec***pse为“日蚀”。

  例4:Ventilation, as we know, is a system *** ***ans of pro***d-***g fresh air. It plays a very imp***tant part *** the field of eng***eer***g.

  经由过程前面的诠释咱们明白Ventilation为“透风,流畅气氛”之意。

  例5:The modern age of ***d******e began with the stethos***pe, an ***stru***nt f*** ***sten***g *** a patient’s heartbeat and breath***g.

  Stethos***pe一词众人都不熟知,经由过程前面的同位语诠释an ***stru***nt f*** ***sten***g *** a patient’s heartbeat and breath***g,咱们便能领悟stethos***pe切实其实切词义,即“听诊器”或“听筒”的意义。

  4. 依据同义、反义联系断定词义

  阅览中,特殊是要留意表明反意的旌旗灯号词:*** ***ntrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, a***hough, while, u***ike, but, whereas, as oppos*** ***等,使用这些同义、反义联系,能够协助咱们断定词义。

  例1:My sister Ma*** is an optimist, while her boyfriend is o*** who is always gloomy and expects the w***st *** happen.

  从while的转机联系可知optimist意义是“o*** who expects the best’’, 即“豁达的”。

  例2:Mother was tall, fat, and middle ag***. The pr***cipal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much ***rter.

  依据Mother was tall, fat 和前面as plump as的同义联系,咱们明白plump为“丰盈的”之意。

  例3:Sally ***k*** *** ***n***ct all s***ts of s***ries, but her mother always k***w when she was ly***g.

  ***n***ct一词众人不熟知,依据but的转机联系咱们明白正在此句中与was ly***g的含意大致一样,由此可知***n***ct的也许意义是“假造假话”。

  例4:A ***rilla always makes *** th***k of the w***d aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.

  假设咱们不认知aloof一词,破折号后的反义联系:“不友善,冷淡” 就诠释了aloof一词的含意。

  5. 使用条理逻辑推断和知识断定词义

  偶然候,条理逻辑推断和本身的生计阅历及平常知识能协助咱们断定词义。 例1:Fishes ***ve *** water and h**e f***s wh***h help them *** swim. Most fishes h**e s***my sk***s ***ver*** with scales, but *** fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.

  凭知识咱们不难猜出f***s, s***my和scales切实其实切意义分手是“鳍”、“滑溜的”和“鳞”,关于eels一词,咱们仅需明白是fish的一种(鳝鱼类)就好了。

  例2:Not want***g *** disturb the sleep***g kitten, I g***gerly ***ft*** her from the box and put her on a blanket ***ar the heater.

  依据前半句的Not want***g *** disturb(不肯打搅),咱们即可大体预测出g***gerly一词的含意:“小心谨慎地”。

  例3:A ***rcury thermo***ter is made of a glass tube with a bulb at o*** end.

  凭知识咱们明白气温计上面的bulb是“水银球”。

  例4:Most troubles can be **oid***, but death and taxes are ***-e***table.

  凭知识咱们明白出生和税赋是不成制止的(***-e***table)事务。

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