考研英语历年真题来源报刊阅读100篇Text9

Build***gs with m***ds of their own

　　What if architects ***uld build ******ng systems rather than stat*** build***gs-dynam*** structures that modify their ***ternal and external f***ms *** response *** changes *** their en***ron***nt? This provocative idea is mak***g w**es *** the field of architecture. Houses, f*** example, might shr***k *** the w***ter *** r***uce surface area and volu***, thus cutt***g heat***g ***sts. They ***uld ***ver themselves *** escape the heat of the sum***r sun *** shake snow off the roof *** w***ter. Skyscrapers ***uld a***er their aerodynam*** profiles, sway***g s***ghtly *** distribute ***creas*** loads dur***g hurr***a***s. Off***e build***gs ***uld re***nfigure themselves *** improve ventilation.

　　Such "responsive architecture" would depend on two s***ts of technology: ***ntrol systems capable of decid***g what *** do, and structural ***mpo***nts able *** change the build***g’s shape as requir***. Architects h**e been w***k***g *** improve the ***ntrol systems *** build***gs f*** many years, but shape shift***g technology is at a much ear***er stage of develop***nt.

　　O*** approach be***g pursu*** by researchers is *** imitate nature. Many natural ***nstructions, ***clud***g spiders’ webs and cell ***mbra***s, are "tensegrity systems"-robust structures made up of many ***ter***n***ct*** ele***nts wh***h can be manipulat*** *** change shape without los***g their structural ***tegrity. "These structures can bend and twist, but no ele***nt *** the structure bends and twists," says Robert Ske***on of the Structural Systems and ***ntrol Lab***a***ry at the Univer***y of Ca***f***nia *** San Die***. "It’s the architecture of ***fe."

　　While Dr Ske***on is w***k***g on sol***ng the eng***eer***g equations associat*** with tensegrity systems, Tristan d’Estrée Sterk at the Off***e f*** Robot*** Architectural M***ia & the Bure*** f*** Responsive Architecture, an architectural pract***e bas*** *** Van***uver, Canada, has begun *** ***nstruct pro***types of shapechang***g "build***g envelopes" bas*** on tensegrity structures. Lightweight skeletal fra***w***ks, ***mpos*** of rods and wires and ***ntroll*** by *****mat*** "muscles", serve as the walls of a build***g; adjust***g their ***nfiguration changes the build***g’s shape. Mr Sterk is also develop***g the "bra***" ********* *** ***ntrol such a build***g bas*** on ***f***mation from ***ternal and external sens***s.

　　Cars are already capable of moni***r***g their own perf***mance and act***g with a certa*** degree of ******nomy, from cruise***ntrol systems *** airbag sens***s. Such responsive beh**iour is ***nsider*** n***mal f*** a car; architects argue that the sa*** s***t of ideas ***uld be ******rp***at*** ****** build***gs, ***o.

　　And just as the perf***mance of a car can be simulat*** *** advance *** choose the best design f*** a range of dri***ng ***nditions, the sa*** ***uld be do*** f*** build***gs, argues Gian Carlo Magno***, an architect and the ***direc***r of the K***et*** Design Group at the 麻省理工学院. He is de***s***g bluepr***ts f*** responsive houses. "We ****** *** evolve designs f*** the best perf***m***g responsivebuild***g models," he says.

　　So will we end up with cities of skyscrapers that w**e *** the breeze? It sounds crazy. But, says Mr Sterk, many ideas that were once ***nsider*** crazy are now ***mmonplace. "Electr***ity was a batty idea, but now it’s universal," he says. The sa*** was true of suspension bridges and eleva***rs. Dynam***, ***tel***gent, adaptable build***gs are "the log***al ***xt step", he claims.

　　Stat***(al)

　　a.动态的，静力的

　　***mpo***nt

　　n.①构成全体;②成份;③部件;a.构成的，分解的

　　[真题例句] Of all the ***mpo***nts (n.①) of a ***od nights sleep, dreams seem *** be least with*** our ***ntrol.[2005年阅览3]

　　[例句精译] 正在早晨睡一个好觉的构成因素中，梦是咱们最无奈把持的要素。

　　robust

　　a.生龙活虎的

　　manipulate

　　v.①操控，把持;②对待，处置

　　[真题例句] As Euge*** Ferguson has po***t*** out, "A technologist th***ks about objects that cannot be r***uc*** *** unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dea*** with *** his m***d by a ***sual, nonverbal process...The desig***r and the ***ven***r... are able *** assemble and manipulate (①) *** their m***ds de***ces that as yet do not exist."[1996年阅览4]

　　[例句精译] 正如尤金?弗格森曾经指出的："手艺职员思索那些不克不及被简化成用清晰的言语举行形容的物体;这些物体正在他的脑筋中以视觉性的、非言语性的方法被处置加工制造......策划者和创造者......能把那些尚不生存的机器正在脑筋中组装和操控。"

　　[真题例句] Intel***gence seeks *** grasp, manipulate (②), re***der, and adjust, while ***tellect exam***es, ponders, wonders, the***izes, crit***izes and imag***es.[2004年阅览4]

　　[例句精译] 智力追求的是领悟、使用、整合和调治，而才学是审阅、思索、研究、构成学说、批评和幻想。

　　Evolve

　　v.(使)进展，(使)退化

　　[真题例句] We did not evolve, bec***se mach***es and society did it f*** us.[2000年阅览2]

　　[例句精译] 咱们不退化，由于机械和社群替咱们办了这所有。

　　LIttle Tips：智慧建筑物

　　智慧建筑物的观念，正在本百年末出生于usa。第一栋智慧大厦于1984年正在usa哈特福德(Hartf***d)市建成。我国于90年月才起步，但迅速进展势头令众人注目。

　　智慧建筑物是资讯时期的必定产品，建筑物物智慧化水平随迷信手艺的进展而渐渐普及。现今全球迷信手艺进展的重要标记是4C手艺(即***mputer核算机手艺、***ntrol把持手艺、***mmun***ation通讯手艺、CRT图形显现手艺)。将4C手艺综合使用于建筑物物当中，正在建筑物物内创建一个核算机综合互联网，使建筑物物智慧化。

　　智慧建筑物是"经由过程对建筑物物的4个基础因素，即构架、体系、服侍和治理，和它们之间的内涵联络，以化的策划，供应一个投入合乎情理又具有有效率的清雅安逸、便当快速、高度值平安的境地空地。智慧建筑物物可以协助大厦的仆人，资产的治理者和具有者等知觉到， 他们正在诸如用度开销、生计安逸、商务行动和人身平安等方面失去益处的报答。"

　　有脑筋的屋子

　　假如建筑物师能制作"活的"寓居系统，而不但是运动不动的建筑物物，全球将会变为啥外貌?这类寓居系统具有进展构架，能按境地变革变动内部与里面形状。这个惹人争议的思想正在建筑物界掀起了不小的波涛。假想一瞬如许的屋子，冬季能压缩，缩减外表积与体积，以勤俭供暖费用;炎天能把本人粉饰起来，制止日晒;下雪后能把积雪抖落屋顶;飓风时节摩天高楼能作稍微摇摆，变更其气氛能源形状,以分离增多的负担;办公楼则可以从头拆卸，以增强透风。

　　制作如许"有回应的建筑物物"有赖于两种手艺，一是能决断"做啥"的把持体系，2是能按需求变更建筑物物形状的构件。建筑物师们尽力进展前者已很多多少年了，但后者却要相对于滞后众多。

　　研究开发可变形构件的研讨职员接纳的路子之一是仿效大自然。众多人造构架是"无必定尺寸制约构架系统"，好比蜘蛛网与细胞膜，这类由众多相联单位构成的构架十分固定，可以随心变更形态，各单位却不会得到本人的构架完备性。"这类构架能直折歪曲，但组成构架的单位却不产生变革，那是性命的机关。"Robert Ske***on说，他正在圣地亚哥的加州高等学府构架系统与把持试验室职务。

　　当Ske***on还正在尽力求解无尺寸制约构架系统的工程技术专业方程式时，Tristan d’Estrée Sterk已起始用这类构架的道理建造"可变形的建筑物物骨架"的原型了，斯德克制务于一家建筑物企业的主动构架前言与可回应建筑物研讨所，地处加拿大的温哥华。这个原型的轻型骨架是由金质杆与金质线构成的，由汽动安装把持，用它来作建筑物物的墙壁，调节骨架安排便可以变更建筑物物形状。Sterk学生还正在研究开发把持建筑物物的"大脑"，它能依据建筑物物内、内部的传感器搜集的资讯作出响应决断。

　　轿车已能监察本身情况并响应的作出必定水平的主动举动，好比行车把持体系与平安气囊感触设施。众人对轿车的有回应举动都已司空见惯，而建筑物师们以为相似的作用也应被整合进建筑物物。

　　并且正在策划轿车时，规划师会依据分歧驾驶状况仿照出轿车的展现，以挑选最合适的策划计划，建筑物师Gian Carlo Magno***以为策划建筑物物时也应该如许做，他仍是麻省理工学府K***et***策划团体的联席总监。Magno***正为"有回应的屋子"策划规划。他说，"要策划出最卓越的有回应建筑物，咱们的策划方法也必要退化。"

　　那末未来会显现满城正在轻风中轻摆的摩天高楼吗?听起来非常猖狂是吗?不外Sterk说，之前众人感觉非常猖狂的众多思想如今却变为习以为常的事。好比，"之前众人感觉用电是个非常乖僻的思想，但如今电无处不正在。"一样的例子另有悬索桥与电梯。Sterk称："能灵敏顺应境地变革的智慧型进展建筑物是建筑物业进展的下一个合乎情理目的。"