英语写作精讲精练：表达要有“份量”
Passage 1:
It is ***mmon knowl***ge that f***ecast***g is an attempt by ***te***ologists *** determ***e what weather will be ***ke *** the future. H***dcast***g is the oppo***e of f***ecast***g, an attempt *** determ***e what weather was ***ke *** the past. Mete***ologists wish that re***rds of weather had been kept *** full f*** at least a few millennia, but it has been o***y *** the last century that detail*** re***rds of the weather h**e been kept. Thus, ***te***ologists ****** *** h***dcast the weather, and they do so by us***g all s***ts of ***f***mation from other fields as diverse as archeology, botany, geology, ***terature, and art. These pieces of ***f***mation from other fields that are us*** as a basis f*** draw***g ***nclusions about what the weather must h**e been ***ke at so*** po***t *** the past are call*** proxies.
Passage 2:
The Sahara is a massive desert, the w***ld’s largest, *** fact. It is approximately equal *** size *** the Unit*** States and ***vers m***e than 9 mil***on square kilo***ters. It is m***e than 5,500 kilo***ters from east *** west and 2,000 kilo***ters from n***th *** south.
The Sahara has a very dry c***mate. The **erage annual ra***fall is not even 10 centi***ters, and may areas receive less that 2 centi***ters per year. In the very driest places, it ra***s o***y about once a century.
There is ***ttle surface water *** the Sahara. The Nile River does run through the Sahara, and there are so*** oases there, but otherwise the surface is dry. Of the oases *** the Sahara, about 90 are large enough *** supp***t t***y ***llages.
Passage 3:
It is very ***mmon *** Eng***sh f*** o*** w***d *** h**e many different ***an***gs. This ***ndition, where o*** w***d has different ***an***gs, is known as polysemy. (This term ******s from poly- ***an***g “many” and sem- ***an***g “***an***g”.)
Sound is o*** such polysem*** w***d. As a noun, it refers *** a noise (as *** a loud sound) *** a body of water (as *** Puget Sound). As an adjective, it can refer *** a state of hea***h (as *** sound m***d and body). It can also be an ***tran***ive verb (as *** sound angry), a tran***ive verb (as *** sound the alarm), *** part of a verb phrase as an outburst (as *** sound off) and an ***quiry (as *** sound out).
You may th***k that the w***d sound is a truly wondrous polysem*** w***d. After all, its def***itions ***ver seven pages *** o*** maj*** d***tionary and ***clude 19 ***an***gs as a noun, 12 ***an***gs as an adjective, 12 ***an***gs as a verb (so*** tran***ive and so*** ***tran***ive ), 4 ***an***gs *** verb phrases, and 2 ***an***gs as an adverb.
But what about the extra***d***ary w***d set? It looks ***ke such a ***rt, simple w***d, o***y three ***ttle letters *** all. However, if you look it up *** an unabridg*** d***tionary, you will f***d at least 57 ***an***gs f*** set when it is us*** as a noun and over 120 ***an***gs when it is us*** as a verb.
Passage 4：
1.Paper is different from other waste produce bec***se it ******s from a susta***able resource: trees. U***ike the m***erals and oil us*** *** make plast***s and ***tals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat *** the en***ron***nt when it is discard***. While 45 out of every 100 ***n***s of wood fibre us*** *** make paper *** Austra***a ******s from waste paper, the rest ******s directly from ***rg*** fibre from f***ests and plantations. By w***ld standards, this is a ***od perf***mance s***ce the w***ld-wide **erage is 33% waste paper. Govern***nts h**e en***urag*** waste paper ***llection and s***t***g sche***s and at the sa*** ti***, the paper ***dustry has respond*** by develop***g ***w recyc***ng technologies that h**e p***** the way f*** even greater uti***zation of us*** fibre. As a resu***, ***dustry’s use of recycl*** fibres is expect*** *** ***crease at tw***e the rate of ***rg*** fibre over the ***m***g years.
2.Already, waste paper ***nstitutes 70% of paper us*** f*** packag***g and advances *** the technology requir*** *** remove ***k from the paper h**e allow*** a higher recycl*** ***ntent *** ***wspr***t and writ***g paper. To achieve the be***fits of recyc***ng, the ***mmunity must also ***ntribute. We ****** *** a***ept a change *** the qua***ty of paper products; f*** example statio***ry may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also ******s *** be supp***t from the ***mmunity f*** waste paper ***llection programs. Not o***y do we ****** *** make the paper **ailable *** ***llec***rs but it also ******s *** be separat*** ****** different types and s***t*** from ***ntam***ants such as staples, paperc***ps, str***g and other miscella***ous items.
3.There are techn***al ***mitations *** the amount of paper wh***h can be recycl*** and so*** paper products cannot be ***llect*** f*** re-use. These ***clude paper *** the f***m of books and perma***nt re***rds, pho***graph*** paper and paper wh***h is badly ***ntam***at***. The four most ***mmon sources of paper f*** recyc***ng are fac***ries and retail s***res wh***h gather large amounts of packag***g material *** wh***h ***ods are de***ver***, also off***es wh***h h**e unwant*** bus***ess docu***nts and ***mputer output, paper ***nverters and pr***ters and lastly households wh***h discard ***wspapers and packag***g material. The paper manufacturer pays a pr***e f*** the paper and may also ***cur the ***llection ***st.
4.Once ***llect***, the paper has *** be s***t*** by hand by people tra****** *** re***gnize various types of paper. This is ***cessary bec***se so*** types of paper can o***y be made from part***ular k***ds of recycl*** fibre. The s***t*** paper then has *** be repulp*** *** mix*** with water and broken down ****** its ***di***dual fibres. This mixture is call*** s***ck and may ***nta*** a wide variety of ***ntam***at***g materials, part***ularly if it is made from mix*** waste paper wh***h has had ***ttle s***t***g. Various mach***ery is us*** *** remove other materials from the s***ck. After pass***g through the repulp***g process, the fibres from pr***t*** waste paper are grey *** ***l*** bec***se the pr***t***g ***k has soak*** ****** the ***di***dual fibres. This recycl*** material can o***y be us*** *** products where the grey ***l*** does not matter, such as cardboard boxes, but if the grey ***l*** is not a***eptable, the fibres must be d-***k***. This ***volves add***g chem***als such as c***st*** soda *** other alka***s, soaps and detergents, water-harden***g agents such as calcium chl***ide, froth***g agents and bleach***g agents. Bef***e the recycl*** fibres can be made ****** paper, they must be ref****** *** treat*** *** such a way that they bond ***gether.
5.Most paper products must ***nta*** so*** ***rg*** fibre as well as recycl*** fibres and u***ike glass, paper cannot be recycl*** ***def***itely. Most paper is down-cycl*** wh***h ***ans that a product made from recycl*** paper is of an ***feri*** qua***ty *** the ***ig***al paper. Recyc***ng paper is be***f***ial *** that it s**es so*** of the e***rgy, lab*** and capital that ***es ****** produc***g ***rg*** pulp. However, recyc***ng requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-re***wable e***rgy source, *** ***llect the waste paper from the ***mmunity and *** process it *** produce ***w paper. And the recyc***ng process still creates emissions wh***h require treat***nt bef***e they can be dispos*** of safely. Nevertheless, paper recyc***ng is an imp***tant e***nom***al and en***ron***ntal pract***e but o*** wh***h must be carri*** out *** a rational and ***able man***r f*** it *** be useful *** both ***dustry and the ***mmunity.
So*** questions:
1: What can be the best title of this art***le?
--Paper recyc***ng
2: What’s the ma*** idea of the 1st paragraph?
--the background and signif***ance of paper recyc***ng.
3: What’s the ma*** idea of the 2nd paragraph?
--Advances *** technology and the role the ***mmunity can play *** promot***g paper recyc***ng.
4: What’s the ma*** idea of the 3rd paragraph?
--***mitations *** paper recyc***ng and the four maj*** sources of waste paper
5: What’s the ma*** idea of the 4th paragraph?
--troubles with paper recyc***ng process
6: What’s the ma*** idea of the 5th paragraph?
--the troubles and signif***ance of paper recyc***ng