康建刚谈2008英语四级考试2
第2节、文章构架(3段式写法)
一.段落的个性
1. 繁多：Pollution has be****** a serious problem about wh***h we w***ry. Wherever we turn we f***d pollution: pollut*** air, pollut*** water, pollut*** food and pollut*** en***ron***nt. As we know, this is threaten***g the very sur***val of the human race.
2.联贯：In ***der *** know what the weather will be, special people are hir*** *** pro***de this ***f***mation. These people are call*** weather***n. They w***k *** a weather station every day. So*** of them observe the weather; the others analyze weather ***f***mation; and still others make f***ecast about the weather. It is known that their w***k can s**e thousands of ***ves and mil***ons of dollars *** property damage.
3.过渡：The traditional husband is different f***m modern husband *** certa*** aspects. First of all, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spend***g mo***y. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his w***k***g wife. In addition, the traditional husband did not help with housew***k. In ***ntrast, the modern husband helps his w***k***g wife at ho***. He may do so*** of the household jobs, and it is not unusual f*** him *** ***ok.
2.段落的组成
1.开首段的表述手法
1)中心议题句法(use of ***p*** sentence)
Now people be****** ***creas***gly aware of the imp***tance of acquir***g a mastery of a f***eign language. To them, the knowl***ge of a f***eign language, say, Eng***sh, often ***ans a ***od opp***tunity f*** o***’s career, even a passp***t *** a prosperous future. Many of them equate su***ess *** ***fe with the abi***ty of speak***g a f***eign language.
2)利用详细详尽的数目或资讯(use figures *** statist***s)
In the past 5 years there has been a mark*** dec****** *** the number of young marri*** ***uples who want *** h**e children, ***upl*** with a grow***g trend ***ward delay*** childbear***g. A******d***g *** off***ial statist***s, *** 2003, about 28 percent of marri*** ***uples with wives under 35 g**e no birth *** children, ***mpar*** with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
3)利用引语(use a quotation)
“Great m***ds must be ready not o***y *** take the opp***tunity, but *** make them.” ******on, a great writer once remark***. But it still has a profound signif***ance now. To a person, *** whose ***feti*** opp***tunities are not many, *** make opp***tunities is m***e essential *** his su***ess.
4)给出后台(offer relevant background)
Once *** a ***wspaper I read a crowd of people who rema****** appal***ngly ***different *** the plea of a mother. As she fail*** *** offer the requir*** amount of cash as a pr***e *** s**e her drown***g son, the woman at last watch*** her son s***k *** death. The s***ry is not rare *** ***wspapers and on TV, and the casual***ss and detach***nt our people now h**e develop*** has arous*** nationwide ***ncern.
It was rep***t*** *** the ***wspaper that a student kill*** four of his classmates just bec***se of a tri***al matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has be****** a serious issue we cannot ***glect.
5)提出疑问(ask a question)
What do you want from your w***k? Mo***y? Promotions? Interest***g challenges? ***nt***ual learn***g? W***k-bas*** friendships? The opp***tunity *** develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all ***di***duals and so our answers will differ, all agree that w***k pro***des m***e than material th***gs.
2.中央段的开展手法
1)枚举法(List***g)
经常使用词汇：first, se***nd, third...last
firstly, se***ndly, thirdly...f***ally
*** beg*** with, what’s m***e, *** the end
first of all, then, ***xt, m***eover, furtherm***e...
*** the first place, *** the se***nd place, last but not least
Social supp***t cushions stress *** a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and ***-w***kers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthe***d when we feel a***ept*** by others despite our f******s and diff***u***ies. Se***nd, other people often pro***de us with ***f***mational supp***t. They help us *** def***e and understand our problems and f***d solutions *** them. Third, we typ***ally f***d social ***mpanionship supp***tive. Engag***g *** leisure-ti*** acti***ties with others helps us *** ***et our social ******s while at the sa*** ti*** distract***g us from our w***ries and troubles. F***ally, other people may give us ***stru***ntal supp***t—f***ancial aid, material resources, and ********* ser***ces—that r***uces stress by help***g us resolve and ***pe with our problems.
2)对比比较法(***mparison and ***ntrast)
经常使用词汇：just as, *** ***mparison, ***ke, similarly, ***kewise, ***rrespond***gly, similar ***,
*** ***ntrast, on the other hand, on the ***ntrary, u***ike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
经常使用句型：There are so*** similarities/differences between...
We can ***mpare...with...
...has so***th***g *** ***mmon with...
By ***ntrast***g...and...
...has ***ttle *** ***mmon with...
...are different *** many ways...
Alfr*** Nobel, the Sw***ish ***ven***r and ***dustria***st, was a man of many sharp ***ntrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but beca*** a mil***onaire; (2) a scientist with a love of ***terature, (3) an ***dustria***st who manag*** *** rema*** an idea***st. (4) He made a f***tu*** but ***v*** a simple ***fe, (5) and a***hough cheerful *** ***mpany he was often sad *** private. (6) A lover of mank***d, he ***ver had a wife *** family *** love him; (7) a patriot*** son of his native land, he di*** alo*** on f***eign soil. (8) He ***vent*** a ***w explosive, dynamite, *** improve the peaceti*** ***dustries of m******g and road build***g, but saw it us*** as a weapon of war *** kill and ***jure his fellow ***n.
3)举例法(Exemp***f***ation)
常 用词汇：***w, exemp***fy, illustrate, prove, ***d***ate, exhibit, demonstrate, f*** example, f*** ***stance, take...as an example, such as, ***ke, a ***od case *** po***t
经常使用句型：There are many examples *** prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/***n***nc***g/suff***ient e***dence *** prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-***ntio***d cases may be useful *** expla******g...
Bef***e you get the idea that e***nom***s is relevant o***y f*** po***t***s *** bus***ess, we ***uld ***ntion that e***nom***s focuses on all the cho***es the personal and social ***nsequences of these cho***es. So*** cho***es ***volve mo***y, but many do not. Even seem***gly non-e***nom*** decisions fall with*** the realm of e***nom***s. Most decisions ***volve attempts *** balance ***sts aga***st be***fits, wh***h may *** may not be ***asurable with mo***y. F*** example, many ***sts and be***fits are primarily psycholog***al.
4)因果法(C***se and Effect)
经常使用词汇：c***se, resu*** ***, lead ***, produce, br***g about, ***ntribute ***, bas*** on,
bec***se, s***ce, now that, theref***e, thus, ***nsequently, ow***g ***, due ***,
through, bec***se of, on a***ount of, as a resu***, as a ***nsequence
经常使用句型：There are several reasons f***...
The reasons why...can be trac*** ***...
The c***ses f***...are as follows...
Theref***e, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the follow***g ***nclusions...
Profess***s will help students who ****** it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the Unit*** States, profess***s h**e other duties besides teach***g. Often they are responsible f*** adm***istrative w***k with*** their depart***nts. In addition, they may be ob***g*** *** pub***sh art***les and books. Theref***e the ti*** that a profess*** can spend with a student outside of class is ***mit***. If a student has problems with classroom w***k, the student ***uld either approach a profess*** dur***g off***e hours *** make an appo***t***nt.
5)分类法(Classif***ation)
常 用词汇：arrange *** two/three cate***ries, be classifi*** ****** a number of groups, fall ****** the follow***g k***ds, be put ****** several groups
经常使用句型：...***nsists of...
...may be classifi*** a******d***g ***/on the basis of/depend***g on
...may be di***d*** ******...
There are two ways *** wh***h o*** can own a book. The first is the property right you estab***sh by pay***g f*** it, just as you pay f*** clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is o***y the prelude *** possession. Full ow***rship ******s o***y when you h**e made it a part of yourself, and the best way *** make it a part of yourself is by illustration may make the po***t clear. You buy a beefsteak and tran**er it from the butcher’s ***ebox *** your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you ***nsu*** it and get it ****** your s***mach. I am argu***g that books, ***o, must be abs***b*** *** your s***mach *** do you any ***od
一.段落的个性
1. 繁多：Pollution has be****** a serious problem about wh***h we w***ry. Wherever we turn we f***d pollution: pollut*** air, pollut*** water, pollut*** food and pollut*** en***ron***nt. As we know, this is threaten***g the very sur***val of the human race.
2.联贯：In ***der *** know what the weather will be, special people are hir*** *** pro***de this ***f***mation. These people are call*** weather***n. They w***k *** a weather station every day. So*** of them observe the weather; the others analyze weather ***f***mation; and still others make f***ecast about the weather. It is known that their w***k can s**e thousands of ***ves and mil***ons of dollars *** property damage.
3.过渡：The traditional husband is different f***m modern husband *** certa*** aspects. First of all, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spend***g mo***y. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his w***k***g wife. In addition, the traditional husband did not help with housew***k. In ***ntrast, the modern husband helps his w***k***g wife at ho***. He may do so*** of the household jobs, and it is not unusual f*** him *** ***ok.
2.段落的组成
1.开首段的表述手法
1)中心议题句法(use of ***p*** sentence)
Now people be****** ***creas***gly aware of the imp***tance of acquir***g a mastery of a f***eign language. To them, the knowl***ge of a f***eign language, say, Eng***sh, often ***ans a ***od opp***tunity f*** o***’s career, even a passp***t *** a prosperous future. Many of them equate su***ess *** ***fe with the abi***ty of speak***g a f***eign language.
2)利用详细详尽的数目或资讯(use figures *** statist***s)
In the past 5 years there has been a mark*** dec****** *** the number of young marri*** ***uples who want *** h**e children, ***upl*** with a grow***g trend ***ward delay*** childbear***g. A******d***g *** off***ial statist***s, *** 2003, about 28 percent of marri*** ***uples with wives under 35 g**e no birth *** children, ***mpar*** with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
3)利用引语(use a quotation)
“Great m***ds must be ready not o***y *** take the opp***tunity, but *** make them.” ******on, a great writer once remark***. But it still has a profound signif***ance now. To a person, *** whose ***feti*** opp***tunities are not many, *** make opp***tunities is m***e essential *** his su***ess.
4)给出后台(offer relevant background)
Once *** a ***wspaper I read a crowd of people who rema****** appal***ngly ***different *** the plea of a mother. As she fail*** *** offer the requir*** amount of cash as a pr***e *** s**e her drown***g son, the woman at last watch*** her son s***k *** death. The s***ry is not rare *** ***wspapers and on TV, and the casual***ss and detach***nt our people now h**e develop*** has arous*** nationwide ***ncern.
It was rep***t*** *** the ***wspaper that a student kill*** four of his classmates just bec***se of a tri***al matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has be****** a serious issue we cannot ***glect.
5)提出疑问(ask a question)
What do you want from your w***k? Mo***y? Promotions? Interest***g challenges? ***nt***ual learn***g? W***k-bas*** friendships? The opp***tunity *** develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all ***di***duals and so our answers will differ, all agree that w***k pro***des m***e than material th***gs.
2.中央段的开展手法
1)枚举法(List***g)
经常使用词汇：first, se***nd, third...last
firstly, se***ndly, thirdly...f***ally
*** beg*** with, what’s m***e, *** the end
first of all, then, ***xt, m***eover, furtherm***e...
*** the first place, *** the se***nd place, last but not least
Social supp***t cushions stress *** a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and ***-w***kers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthe***d when we feel a***ept*** by others despite our f******s and diff***u***ies. Se***nd, other people often pro***de us with ***f***mational supp***t. They help us *** def***e and understand our problems and f***d solutions *** them. Third, we typ***ally f***d social ***mpanionship supp***tive. Engag***g *** leisure-ti*** acti***ties with others helps us *** ***et our social ******s while at the sa*** ti*** distract***g us from our w***ries and troubles. F***ally, other people may give us ***stru***ntal supp***t—f***ancial aid, material resources, and ********* ser***ces—that r***uces stress by help***g us resolve and ***pe with our problems.
2)对比比较法(***mparison and ***ntrast)
经常使用词汇：just as, *** ***mparison, ***ke, similarly, ***kewise, ***rrespond***gly, similar ***,
*** ***ntrast, on the other hand, on the ***ntrary, u***ike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
经常使用句型：There are so*** similarities/differences between...
We can ***mpare...with...
...has so***th***g *** ***mmon with...
By ***ntrast***g...and...
...has ***ttle *** ***mmon with...
...are different *** many ways...
Alfr*** Nobel, the Sw***ish ***ven***r and ***dustria***st, was a man of many sharp ***ntrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but beca*** a mil***onaire; (2) a scientist with a love of ***terature, (3) an ***dustria***st who manag*** *** rema*** an idea***st. (4) He made a f***tu*** but ***v*** a simple ***fe, (5) and a***hough cheerful *** ***mpany he was often sad *** private. (6) A lover of mank***d, he ***ver had a wife *** family *** love him; (7) a patriot*** son of his native land, he di*** alo*** on f***eign soil. (8) He ***vent*** a ***w explosive, dynamite, *** improve the peaceti*** ***dustries of m******g and road build***g, but saw it us*** as a weapon of war *** kill and ***jure his fellow ***n.
3)举例法(Exemp***f***ation)
常 用词汇：***w, exemp***fy, illustrate, prove, ***d***ate, exhibit, demonstrate, f*** example, f*** ***stance, take...as an example, such as, ***ke, a ***od case *** po***t
经常使用句型：There are many examples *** prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/***n***nc***g/suff***ient e***dence *** prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-***ntio***d cases may be useful *** expla******g...
Bef***e you get the idea that e***nom***s is relevant o***y f*** po***t***s *** bus***ess, we ***uld ***ntion that e***nom***s focuses on all the cho***es the personal and social ***nsequences of these cho***es. So*** cho***es ***volve mo***y, but many do not. Even seem***gly non-e***nom*** decisions fall with*** the realm of e***nom***s. Most decisions ***volve attempts *** balance ***sts aga***st be***fits, wh***h may *** may not be ***asurable with mo***y. F*** example, many ***sts and be***fits are primarily psycholog***al.
4)因果法(C***se and Effect)
经常使用词汇：c***se, resu*** ***, lead ***, produce, br***g about, ***ntribute ***, bas*** on,
bec***se, s***ce, now that, theref***e, thus, ***nsequently, ow***g ***, due ***,
through, bec***se of, on a***ount of, as a resu***, as a ***nsequence
经常使用句型：There are several reasons f***...
The reasons why...can be trac*** ***...
The c***ses f***...are as follows...
Theref***e, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the follow***g ***nclusions...
Profess***s will help students who ****** it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the Unit*** States, profess***s h**e other duties besides teach***g. Often they are responsible f*** adm***istrative w***k with*** their depart***nts. In addition, they may be ob***g*** *** pub***sh art***les and books. Theref***e the ti*** that a profess*** can spend with a student outside of class is ***mit***. If a student has problems with classroom w***k, the student ***uld either approach a profess*** dur***g off***e hours *** make an appo***t***nt.
5)分类法(Classif***ation)
常 用词汇：arrange *** two/three cate***ries, be classifi*** ****** a number of groups, fall ****** the follow***g k***ds, be put ****** several groups
经常使用句型：...***nsists of...
...may be classifi*** a******d***g ***/on the basis of/depend***g on
...may be di***d*** ******...
There are two ways *** wh***h o*** can own a book. The first is the property right you estab***sh by pay***g f*** it, just as you pay f*** clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is o***y the prelude *** possession. Full ow***rship ******s o***y when you h**e made it a part of yourself, and the best way *** make it a part of yourself is by illustration may make the po***t clear. You buy a beefsteak and tran**er it from the butcher’s ***ebox *** your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you ***nsu*** it and get it ****** your s***mach. I am argu***g that books, ***o, must be abs***b*** *** your s***mach *** do you any ***od
- 上一篇：清华大学2008年各省录取分数线
- 下一篇：康建刚谈2008英语四级考试