2008考研英语全题型高分强化教程六(2)

　　Part A 阅览领悟

Passage O***

　　Speech and language dis***ders refer *** problems *** ***mmun***ation and relat*** areas such as ***al mo***r function. These delays and dis***ders range from simple sound substitutions *** the ***abi***ty *** understand *** use language *** use the ***al-mo***r ***chanism f*** functional speech and fe******g. So*** c***ses of speech and language dis***ders ***clude hear***g loss, ***urolog***al dis***ders, bra*** ***jury, ***ntal retardation, drug abuse, phys***al impair***nts such as cleft ***p *** palate, and vocal abuse *** misuse. Frequently, however, the c***se is unknown.

　　M***e than o*** mil***on of the students serv*** *** the pub***c schools' special ***ucation programs *** the 1998-99 school year were cate***riz*** as h*****g a speech *** language impair***nt. This estimate does not ***clude children who h**e speech/language problems se***ndary *** other ***nditions such as deaf***ss. Language dis***ders may be relat*** *** other disabi***ties such as ***ntal retardation, ***tism, *** cerebral palsy. It is estimat*** that ***mmun***ation dis***ders affect o*** of every 10 people *** the Unit*** States.

　　A child's ***mmun***ation is ***nsider*** delay*** when the child is not***eably beh***d his *** her peers *** the acqui***ion of speech and/*** language skills. So***ti***s a child will h**e greater receptive （understand***g） than expressive （speak***g） language skills, but this is not always the case.

　　Speech dis***ders refer *** diff***u***ies produc***g speech sounds *** problems with vo***e qua***ty. Speech dis***ders may be problems with the way sounds are f******d, call*** art***ulation *** phonolog***al dis***ders, *** they may be diff***u***ies with the pitch, volu*** *** qua***ty of the vo***e. There may be a ***mb***ation of several problems. People with speech dis***ders h**e trouble us***g so*** speech sounds. They may say "see" when they ***an "ski" *** they may h**e trouble us***g other sounds ***ke "l" *** "r". People with vo***e dis***ders may h**e trouble with the way their vo***es sound.

　　A language dis***der is an impair***nt *** the abi***ty *** understand and/*** use w***ds *** ***ntext. So*** characterist***s of language dis***ders ***clude improper use of w***ds and their ***an***gs, ***abi***ty *** express ideas, ***appropriate grammat***al patterns, r***uc*** vocabulary and ***abi***ty *** follow directions. Children may hear *** see a w***d but not be able *** understand its ***an***g. They may h**e trouble gett***g others *** understand what they are try***g *** ***mmun***ate.

　　Bec***se all ***mmun***ation dis***ders carry the potential *** isolate ***di***duals from their social and ***ucational surround***gs, it is essential *** f***d appropriate ti***ly ***tervention. While many speech and language patterns can be call*** "baby talk" and are part of a young child's n***mal develop***nt, they can be****** problems if they are not outgrown as expect***. In this way an ***itial delay *** speech and language *** an ***itial speech pattern can be****** a dis***der wh***h can c***se diff***u***ies *** learn***g. Bec***se of the way the bra*** develops, it is easier *** learn language and ***mmun***ation skills bef***e the age of 5.

　　Speech-language pathologists assist children who h**e ***mmun***ation dis***ders *** various ways. They pro***de ***di***dual therapy f*** the child; ***nsu*** with the child's teacher about the most effective ways *** faci***tate the child's ***mmun***ation *** the class sett***g; and w***k closely with the family *** develop ***als and techniques f*** effective therapy *** class and at ho***. Technology can help children whose phys***al ***nditions make ***mmun***ation diff***u***.

　　Vocabulary and ***ncept growth ***nt***ues dur***g the years children are *** school. Read***g and writ***g are t***ght and, as students get older, the understand***g and use of language be******s m***e ***mplex. ***mmun***ation skills are at the heart of the ***ucation experience. Speech and/*** language therapy may ***nt***ue throughout a student's school year either *** the f***m of direct therapy *** on a ***nsu***ant basis. The speech-language pathologist may assist vocational teachers and ***unsel***s *** estab***sh***g ***mmun***ation ***als relat*** *** the w***k experiences of students and suggest strategies that are effective f*** the imp***tant tran***ion from school *** employ***nt and adu*** ***fe.

　　***mmun***ation has many ***mpo***nts. All serve *** ***crease the way people learn about the w***ld around them, uti***ze knowl***ge and skills, and ***teract with ***lleagues, family and friends.

　　1. The possible c***ses of speech and language dis***ders do not ***clude

　　[A] bra*** ***jury.
　　[B] drug abuse.
　　[C] ***abi***ty *** use ***al-mo***r ***chanism.
　　[D] phys***al impair***nts.

　　2. Wh***h of the follow***g is ***rrect about ***mmun***ation dis***ders?

　　[A] About o*** mil***on students *** pub***c school h**e ***mmun***ation dis***ders.
　　[B] ***mmun***ation dis***der does not ***clude deaf***ss.
　　[C] In most of the ti***, a child with ***mmun***ation dis***der has greater receptive than expressive language skills.
　　[D] ***mmun***ation dis***der ***cludes speech and language dis***ders.

　　3. By ***mparison of speech dis***der and language dis***der, we know that .

　　[A] they are almost the sa***
　　[B] people with language dis***der h**e problems us***g so*** sounds
　　[C] people with speech dis***der so***ti***s h**e diff***u***y *** us***g appropriate grammat***al patterns
　　[D] if a person can not pronounce "l" and "r" ***rrectly, he might h**e speech dis***ders

　　4. Wh***h sentence can best summarize Paragraph 6-8?

　　[A] Incidence of ***mmun***ation dis***der.
　　[B] Characterist***s of ***mmun***ation dis***der.
　　[C] Educational imp***cations f*** ***mmun***ation dis***der.
　　[D] Various f***ms of ***mmun***ation dis***der.

　　5. Wh***h is NOT ***ntio***d about the function of ***mmun***ation at the end of the art***le?

　　[A] ***crease the way people learn about the w***ld around them.
　　[B] Improve o***'s image.
　　[C] Uti***ze knowl***ge and skills.
　　[D] Interact with ***lleagues, family and friends.