综合指导:细谈四种英译汉过程中的词类转换
一、转译成行词
英语和汉语对比起来,汉语中行词用得对比多,这是一个特征,通常正在英语句子中仅用一个谓语行词,而正在汉语中却能够几个行词或行词性构架连用。比方,正在He admires the President’s stat*** decision *** fight f*** the job. (他对总统申明为保住其工位而意志努力表明佩服)中,英语的谓语行词仅有admires一个词,其余用的是以前分词(stat***)、行词派生名词(decision)、不定式(*** fight)和介词(f***)等。汉语不词形变革,但能够几个行词连用。因而,英语中很多词类(特别是名词、介词、描绘词和副词)正在汉译时通常能够转译成行词。
(一)名词转译成行词
1. 由行词派生的名词转译成行词,正在政学术论文体中显现对比多。如:
1) The 1967 UN docu***nt calls f*** the settle***nt of the Middle East ***nf***ct on the basis of Israe*** withdrawal from o***upi*** terri***ries and Arab acknowl***ge***nt of Israe***’s right *** exist. (1967年团结国文件需求正在以色列撤出所占的地皮和阿推伯供认以色列的保存权益的根本下去处理中东抵触。)
2) Rockets h**e found app***cation f*** the expl***ation of the universe. (火箭已用来探求太空。)
2.含有举止象征的名词(正在记述、刻画体裁中显现较多)通常能够转译成行词。如:
1) The sight and sound of our jet pla***s fill*** *** with special long***g. (看到咱们的喷气式飞行器,闻声隆隆的机声,令我特殊倾心。)
2) A glance through his off***e w***dow offers a pan***am*** ***ew of the Wash***g***n Monu***nt and the L******ln Mem***ial. (从他的办公室窗口能够一眼看到华盛顿缅怀碑和林肯缅怀馆的全景。)
3. 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,如teacher教员,th***ker思索家等等,偶然正在句中其实不指其身份和行业,而是含有较强的举止象征,正在汉语中不失当的对应名词时,通常能够译成行词。如:
1) I am afraid I can’t teach you swimm***g. I th***k my ***ttle brother is a better teacher than I. (我一定会教你泳游。我想我的小弟兄比我教得好。)
2) Talk***g with his son, the old man was the f***giver of the young man’s past wrong do***gs. (正在和儿子交谈时,长者饶恕了年老人以前所干的好事。)
4. 作为习语主体的名词通常能够转译成行词,如:
1) They ***ok a f***al look at Iron Mike, still ***tact *** the dark***ss.
他们最初看了铁麦克一眼——它仍旧坦然无恙地屹立正在昏暗中。
2) The ***xt ***ws bullet***, ***rter than usual, made no ***ntion of the demonstration.
下一个资讯节目比一般短,不提到*。
(2)介词转译成行词
1) "***m***g!“Away she skim***d over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and ****** the p***ch.
"来啦!"她回身蹦着跳着地跑了,超出草坪,跑上小路,跨下台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。
2) I barrel*** straight ahead, across the harb*** and out over the sea.
我直挺往前高速航行,超出口岸,飞临海疆。
(3)描绘词转译成行词
英语中表明知觉、情欲、渴求等心态状况的描绘词,正在系行词后作表语历时,通常可转译成行词。如:***nfident, certa***, careful, c***tious, angry, sure, ign***ant, afraid, doubtful, aware, ***ncer***d, glad, de***ght***, s***ry, asha***d, thankful, anxious等。
1) Doc***rs h**e said that they are not sure they can s**e his ***fe.
医师们说他们不敢确认可否救患了他的命。
2) The fact that she was able *** send a ***ssage was a h***t. But I had *** be c***tious.
她可以给我带个信儿这件事便是个表示。可是我必需小心翼翼。
(4)副词转译成行词
1) That day he was up bef***e sunrise.
那天他正在朝阳之前就起来了。
2) She ope***d the w***dow *** let fresh air ***.
她把窗子关上,让新颖气氛出去。
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