GMAT阅读练习(7)
The settle***nt of the Unites States has o***upi*** traditional his***rians s***ce 1893 when Fr***er***k Jackson Tur***r develop*** his Frontier Theses， a thesis that expla****** USAn develop***nt *** terms of westward expansion. From the perspective of wo***n's his***ry， Tur***r's exclusively mascu****** assumptions ***nstitute a maj*** drawback； his defenders and crit***s a***ke h**e re***nstruct*** ***n's， not wo***n's， ***ves on the frontier. However， precisely bec***se of this mascu****** on ***ientation， re***s***g the Frontier Thesis by focus***g on wo***n's experience ***troduces ***w the***s ****** wo***n's his***ry-wo***n as lawmaker and entrepre***ur-and， ***nsequently， ***w ***terpretations of wo***n's relationship *** capital， lab***， and statute.
Tur***r clai***d that the frontier produc*** the ***di***dua***sm that is the hallmark of USAn cu***ure， and that this ***di***dua***sm *** turn promot*** democrat*** ***stitutions and e***nom*** equa***ty. He argu*** f*** the frontier as an agent of social change. Most nove***sts and his***rians writ***g *** the early *** midtwentiech century who ***nsider*** wo***n *** the West， when they ***nsider*** wo***n at all， fell under Tur***r's spell. In their w***ks these ***th***s tend*** *** gl***ify wo***n's ***ntributions *** frontier ***fe. Western wo***n， *** Tur***rian tradition， were a fiercely ***dependent， capable， and durable lot， free from the ***nstra***ts b***d***g their eastern sisters. In their w***ks these ***th***s tend*** *** gl***ify wo***n's ***ntributions *** frontier ***fe. Western wo***n， *** Tur***rian tradition， were a fiercely ***dependent， capable， and durable lot， free from the ***nstra***ts b***d***g their eastern sisters. This ***terpretation imp****** that the West pro***d*** a ***ngenial en***ron***nt where wo***n ***uld aspire *** their own ***als， free from ***nstr***tive stereotypes and sexist attitudes. In Tur***rian term***ology， the frontier had furnish*** “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”
By the middle of the twentieth century， the Frontier Thesis fell ****** di******* among his***rians. Later， Reactionist writers ***ok the ***ew that frontier wo***n were lo***ly， displac*** persons *** a hostile mi****** that ***tensifi*** the w***st aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the fem***ist move***nt dur***g the 1970's l*** *** the Stasist School， wh***h sidestepp*** the ***od bad d***ho***my and argu*** that frontier wo***n ***v*** ***ves similar *** the ***ves of wo***n *** the East. In o*** nowstandard text， Faragher demonstrat*** the persistence of the “cu*** of true womanhood” and the illusionary qua***ty of change on the westward jour***y. Recently the Stasist po***ion has been re***s*** but not entirely dis***unt*** by ***w research.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is ***
（A） pro***de a fra***w***k with*** wh***h the his***ry of wo***n *** n***eteenth-century USA can be ***ganiz***
（B） discuss divergent ***terpretations of wo***n's experience on the western frontier
（C） ***troduce a ***w hypothesis about wo***n's experience on the western frontier
（D） advocate an empir***al approach *** wo***n's experience on the western frontier
（E） resolve ambiguities *** several the***ies about wo***n's experience on the western frontier
2. Wh***h of the follow***g can be ***ferr*** about the nove***sts and his***rians ***ntio***d *** ******s 19-20？
（A） They misunders***od the powerful ***fluence of ***nstr***tive stereotypes on wo***n *** the East
（B） They assu***d that the frontier had offer*** m***e opp***tunities *** wo***n than had the East
（C） They ***clud*** a***urate ***f***mation about wo***n's experience on the frontier
（D） They underestimat*** the endurance and f***titude of frontier wo***n
（E） They agre*** with so*** of Tur***r's assumptions about frontier wo***n， but disagre*** with other assumptions that he made.
3.Wh***h of the follow***g， if true， would pro***de additional e***dence f*** the Stasists' argu***nt as it is describ*** *** the passage？
（A） Frontier wo***n re****** on smaller supp***t groups of relatives and friends *** the West than they had *** the East
（B） The urban frontier *** the West offer*** m***e o***upational opp***tunity than the agr***u***ural frontier offer***
（C） Wo***n part***ipat*** m***e fully *** the e***nom*** decisions of the family group *** the West than they had *** the East
（D） Western wo***n receiv*** f***ancial ***mpensation f*** lab*** that was ***mparable *** what wo***n receiv*** *** the East
（E） Western wo***n did not h**e an effect on div***ce laws， but lawmakers *** the West were m***e responsive *** wo***n's ***ncerns than lawmakers *** the East were
4. A******d***g *** the passage， Tur***r makes wh***h of the follow***g ***n***ctions *** his Frontier Thesis？
I. A ***n***ction between USAn ***di***dua***sm and e***nom*** equa***ty
II. A ***n***ction between geograph***al expansion and social change
III. A ***n***ction between social change and f***ancial prosperity
（A） I o***y
（B） II o***y
（C） III o***y
（D） I and II o***y
（E） I， II and III
5. It can be ***ferr*** that wh***h of the follow***g state***nts is ***nsistent with the Reactionist po***ion as it is describ*** *** the passage？
（A） ***nt***uity， not change， mark*** wo***n's ***ves as they mov*** from East *** West
（B） Wo***n's experience on the N***th USAn frontier has not receiv*** enough attention from modern his***rians
（C） Despite its ri***rs， the frontier offer*** wo***n opp***tunities that had not been **ailable *** the East
（D） Gender relations were m***e diff***u*** f*** wo***n *** the West than they were *** the East
（E） Wo***n on the N***th USAn frontier adopt*** ***w roles while at the sa*** ti*** reaffirm***g traditional roles.
6. Wh***h of the follow***g best describes the ***ganization of the passage？
（A） A current ***terpretation of a pheno***non is describ*** and then ways *** wh***h it was develop*** are discuss***
（B） Three the***ies are present*** and then a ***w hypothesis that dis***unts those the***ies is describ***.
（C） An imp***tant the***y and its effects are discuss*** and then ways *** wh***h it has been re***s*** are describ***
（D） A ***ntroversial the***y is discuss*** and then ***ewpo***ts both f*** and aga***st it are describ***
（E） A pheno***non is describ*** and then the***ies ***ncern***g its ***rrect***ss are discuss***.
7. Wh***h of the follow***g is true of the Stasist school as it is describ*** *** the passage？
（A） It pro***des ***w ***terpretation of wo***n's relationship *** w***k and the law.
（B） It resolves so*** of the ambiguities ***herent *** Tur***rian and Reactionist thought.
（C） It has recently been dis***unt*** by ***w research gather*** on wo***n's experience.
（D） It **oids extre*** po***ions taken by other writers on wo***n's his***ry.
（E） It was the first school of thought *** suggest substantial re***sions *** the Frontier Thesis.
Passage 2
Japa***se firms h**e achiev*** the highest levels of manufactur***g eff***iency *** the would ******mobile ***dustry. So*** observers of Japan h**e assu***d that Japa***se as Unit*** States firms but h**e be***fit*** from the unique characterist***s of Japa***se employees and the Japa***se cu***ure. However， if this were true， then o*** would expect Japa***se ****** plants *** the Unit*** States *** perf***m no better than fac***ries run by Unit*** States ***mpanies. This is not the case， Japa***se-run ******mobile plants locat*** *** the Unit*** States and staff*** by local w***kers h**e demonstrat*** higher levels of producti***ty when ***mpar*** with fac***ries ow***d by Unit*** States ***mpanies.
Other observers ***nk high Japa***se producti***ty *** higher levels of capital ***vest***nt per w***ker. But a his***r***al perspective leads *** a different ***nclusion. When the two ***p Japa***se ******mobile makers match*** and then doubl*** Unit*** States producti***ty levels *** the mid-sixties， capital ***vest***nt per employee was ***m-parable *** that of Unit*** States firms. Furtherm***e， by the late seventies， the amount of fix*** assets requir*** *** produce o*** veh***le was roughly equivalent *** Japan and *** the Unit*** States. S***ce capital ***vest***nt was not higher *** Japan， it had *** be other fac***rs that l*** *** higher producti***ty.
A m***e fruitful explanation may ***e with Japa***se production techniques. Japa***se ******-mobile producers did not simply imple***nt ***nventional processes m***e effectively： they made crit***al changes *** Unit*** States proc***ures. F*** ***stance ， the mass-production philosophy of Unit*** States ******-makers en***urag*** the production of huge lots of cars *** ***der *** uti***ze fully expensive， ***mpo***nt specif*** equip***nt and *** ***py fully w***kers who h**e been tra****** *** execute o*** operation eff***iently. Japa***se ******-makers chose *** make small-lot production feasible by ***troduc***g several departures from Unit*** States pract***es， ***clud***g the use of flexible equip***nt that ***uld be a***er*** easily *** do several different production tasks and the tra******g of w***kers *** mu***iple jobs.
Au***makers ***uld sch***ule the production of different ***mpo***nts *** models on s***gle mach***es， thereby e***m***at***g the ****** *** s***re the buffer s***cks of extra ***mpo***nts that resu*** when specia***z*** equip***nt and w***kers are kept ***nstantly active.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is ***
（A） present the maj*** steps of a process
（B） clarify an ambiguity
（C） chron***le a dispute
（D） ***rrect mis***nceptions
（E） defend an a***ept*** approach
2. The ***th*** suggests that if the observers of Japan ***ntio***d *** ****** 3 were ***rrect， wh***h of the follow***g would be the case？
（A）The equip***nt us*** *** Japa***se ******mobile plants would be different from the equip***nt us*** *** Unit*** States plants.
（B） Japa***se w***kers would be tra****** *** do several different production jobs .
（C） Cu***ure would not h**e an ***fluence on the producti***ty levels of w***kers.
（D） The w***kers *** Japa***se-run plants would h**e higher producti***ty levels regardless of where they were locat***.
（E） The production levels of Japa***se-run plants locat*** *** the Unit*** States would be equal *** those of plants run by Unit*** States ***mpanies.
3. Wh***h of the follow***g state***nts ***ncern***g the producti***ty levels of ******makers can be ***ferr*** from the passage？
（A） pri*** *** the 1960's， the producti***ty levels of the ***p Japa***se ******makers were exce****** by those of Unit*** States ******-makers.
（B） The cu***ure of a ***untry has a large effect on the producti***ty levels of its ******makers.
（C） Dur***g the late 1970's and early 1980's， producti***ty levels were ***mparable *** Japan and the Unit*** States.
（D） The greater the number of cars that are produc*** *** a s***gle lot， the higher a plant's producti***ty level.
（E） The amount of capital ***vest***nt made by ******mobile manufacturers *** their fac***ries determ***es the level of producti***ty.
4. A******d***g *** the passage， wh***h of the follow***g state***nts is true of Japa***se ******mobile w***kers？
（A） Their producti***ty levels did not equal those of Unit*** States ******mobile w***kers until the late seventies.
（B） Their high eff***iency levels are a direct resu*** of cu***ural ***fluences.
（C） They operate ***mpo***nt-specif*** mach***ery.
（D） They are tra****** *** do m***e than o*** job.
（E） They produce larger lots of cars than do w***kers *** Unit*** States fac***ries.
5. Wh***h of the follow***g best describes the ***ganization of the first paragraph？
（A） A thesis is present*** and supp***t***g examples are pro***d***.
（B） Oppos***g ***ews are present***， classifi***， and then re***ncil***.
（C） A fact is stat***， and an explanation is advanc*** and then refut***
（D） A the***y is propos***， ***nsider***， and then a***nd***.
（E） An op***ion is present***， qua***fi***， and then reaffir***d.
6. It can be ***ferr*** from the passage that o*** problem associat*** with the production of huge lots of cars is wh***h of the follow***g？
（A） The ****** *** manufacture flexible mach***ery and equip***nt
（B） The ****** *** s***re extra ***mpo***nts not requir*** f*** im***diate use
（C） The ****** f*** expensive tra******g programs f*** w***kers， wh***h emphasize the develop***nt of faci***ty *** several production jobs
（D） The ****** *** a***er ***nventional mass-production processes
（E） The ****** *** ***crease the ***vest***nt per veh***le *** ***der *** achieve high producti***ty levels
7. Wh***h of the follow***g state***nts is supp***t*** by ***f***mation stat*** *** the passage？
（A） Japa***se and Unit*** states ******makers differ *** their approach *** production processes
（B） Japa***se ******makers h**e perfect*** the use of s***gle-function equip***nt
（C） Japa***se ******makers ***vest m***e capital per employee than do Unit*** States ******makers.
（D） Unit*** States -ow***d fac***ries abroad h**e higher production levels than do Japa***se-ow***d plants *** the Unit*** states.
（E） Japa***se ******makers h**e be***fit*** from the cu***ural heritage of their w***kers.
8. With wh***h of the follow***g pr******tive state***nts regard***g Japa***se ******makers would the ***th*** most ***kely agree？
（A） The eff***iency levels of the Japa***se ******makers will dec****** if they be****** less flexible *** their approach *** production.
（B） Japa***se ******makers' producti***ty levels were double dur***g the late 1990's.
（C） Unit*** States ******makers will ***ig***ate ***t production processes bef***e Japa***se ******makers do.
（D） Japa***se ******makers will hire fewer w***ker than will Unit*** States ******makers bec***se each w***ker is repairs *** perf***m several jobs.
（E） Japa***se ******makers will spend less on equip***nt repairs than will Unit*** States ******makers bec***se Japa***se equip***nt can be early a***er***.
Passage 3
Joseph Glatthaar's F***g*** *** Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White off***ers *** the Ci***l War， but it uses m***e soldiers' letters and diaries-***clud***g rare material from Black soldier-and ***ncentrates m***e ***tensely on Black-White relations *** Black regi***nts than do any of its pr***ecess***s. Glatthaar's title expresses his thesis： loya***y， friendship， and respect among White off***ers and Black soldiers were foster*** by the mutual dangers they fac*** *** ***mbat.
Glatthaar a***urately describes the ***vern***nt's discrim***a***ry treat***nt of Black soldiers *** pay， promotion， ***d***al care， and job assign***nts， appropriately emphasiz***g the campaign by Black soldiers and their off***ers *** get the opp***tunity *** fight. That chance rema****** ***mit*** through out the war by army po***cies that kept most Black units ser***ng *** rear-echelon assign***nts and w***k***g *** lab*** batta***ons. Thus， while their ***mbat death rate was o***y o***- third that of while units， their m***ta***ty rate from disease， a maj*** killer *** this war， was tw***e as great. Despite these obstacles， the ***urage and effective***ss of several Black units *** ***mbat won ***creas***g respect from ***itially skept***al *** hostile White soldiers. As o*** White off***er put it， “they h**e fought their way ****** the respect of all the army.”（L***e25） In try***g *** demonstrate the magnitude of this attitud***al change， however， Glatthaar seems *** exaggerate the prewar racism of the White ***n who beca*** off***ers *** Black regi***nts.“ Pri*** *** the war，” He writes of these ***n， “***rtually all of them held powerful racial prejud***es.” While perhaps true of those off***ers who jo****** Black units f*** promotion *** other self-ser***ng motives， this state***nt misrepresents the attitudes of the many abo***tionists who beca*** off***ers *** Black regi***nts. H*****g spent years fight***g aga***st the race prejud***e endem*** *** USAn society， they part***ipat*** eagerly *** this mi***tary experi***nt， wh***h they hope would help Afr***an USAns achieve fre***om and postwar ci***l equa***ty. By current standards of racial ega***tarianism， these ***n's paterna***sm ***ward Afr***an USAns was racist. But *** call their （L***e40） fee***ngs “powerful racial prejud***es” is *** ***dulge *** ge***rational ch******nism-*** judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characteriz*** as wh***h of the follow***g？
（A） An evaluation of a scholarly study
（B） A description of an attitud***al change
（C） A discussion of an analyt***al defect
（D） An analysis of the c***ses of a pheno***non
（E） An argu***nt *** f***** of re***s***g a ***ew
2. A******d***g *** the ***th***， wh***h of the follow***g is true of Glatthaar 's F***g*** *** Battle ***mpar*** with pre***ous studies on the sa*** ***p***？
（A） It is m***e re***able and presents a m***e ***mplete p***ture of the his***r***al events on wh***h it ***ncentrates than do pre***ous studies.
（B） It uses m***e of a part***ular k***d of source material and focuses m***e closely on a part***ular aspect of the ***p*** than do pre***ous studies.
（C） It ***nta***s so*** unsupp***t*** ge***ra***zations， but it rightly emphasizes a the*** ign****** by most pre***ous studies.
（D） It surpasses pre***ous studies on the sa*** ***p*** *** that it a***urately describes ***nditions often ***glect*** by those studies.
（E） It makes skillful use of supp***t***g e***dence *** illustrate a subtle trend that pre***ous studies h**e fail*** *** detect.
3. The ***th*** imp***es that the title of Glatthaar 's book refers specif***ally *** wh***h of the follow***g？
（A） The sense of pride and a***omp***sh***nt that Black soldier ***creas***gly fe*** as a resu*** of their Ci***l War experiences
（B） The ci***l equa***ty that Afr***an USAns achiev*** after the Ci***l War， partly as a resu*** of their use of ***ganization skills ho***d by ***mbat
（C） The changes *** discrim***a***ry army po***cies that were made as a direct resu*** of the perf***mance of Black ***mbat units dur***g the Ci***l War
（D） The improv*** ***terracial relations that were f******d by the races' fac***g of ***mmon fight dur***g the Ci***l War
（E） The standards of racial ega***tarianism that ca*** *** be adopt*** as a resu*** of White Ci***l War veterans' repudiation of their pre***ous racism
4. The passage ***ntions wh***h of the follow***g as an imp***tant the*** that receive special emphasis *** Glatthaar's book？
（A） The attitudes of abo***tionist off***ers *** Black units
（B） The struggle of Black units *** get ***mbat assign***nts
（C） The ***nsequences of the po*** ***d***al care receiv*** by Black soldiers
（D） The motives of off***ers ser***ng *** Black units
（E） The discrim***ation that Black soldiers fac*** when try***g f*** promotion
5. The passage suggests that wh***h of the follow***g was true of Black units' disease m***ta***ty rates *** the Ci***l War？
（A） They were almost as high as the ***mbat m***ta***ty rates of White units
（B） They resu****** *** part from the relative ***experience of these units when *** ***mbat
（C） They were especially high bec***se of the nature of these units' usual duty assign***nts
（D） They resu****** *** extre***ly high overall casua***y rates *** Black ***mbat units
（E） They exacerbat*** the m***ale problems that were c***s*** by the army's discrim***a***ry po***cies
6. The ***th*** of the passage quotes the White off***er *** ******s 23-24 primarily *** ***der *** pro***de e***dence *** supp***t the ***ntention that
（A） ***rtually all White off***ers ***itially had hostile attitudes ***ward Black soldiers
（B） Black soldiers were often f***c*** *** defend themselves from phys***al attacks ***itiat*** by soldiers from White units
（C） The ***mbat perf***mance of Black units chang*** the attitudes of White soldiers ***ward Black soldiers
（D） White units paid especially careful attention *** the perf***mance of Black units *** battle
（E） Respect *** the army as a whole was a******d*** *** those units， whether Black *** White， that perf******d well *** battle
7. Wh***h of the follow***g best describes the k***d of err*** attribut*** *** Glatthaar *** ******s 25-28？
（A） Insist***g on an unwarrant*** dist***ction between two groups of ***di***duals *** ***der *** render an argu***nt ***ncern***g them ***ternally ***nsistent
（B） Supp***t***g an argu***nt *** f***** of a given ***terpretation of a ***uation with e***dence that is not part***ularly relevant *** the ***uation
（C） Present***g a dis***rt*** ***ew of the motives of certa*** ***di***duals *** ***der *** pro***de grounds f*** a ***gative evaluation of their actions
（D） Describ***g the ***nditions prevai***ng bef***e a given event *** such a way that the ***ntrast with those prevai***ng after the event appear m***e strik***g than it actually is
（E） Assert***g that a given event is c***s*** by another event ***rely bec***se the other event o***urr*** bef***e the given event o***urr***
8. Wh***h of the follow***g actions can best be describ*** as ***dulg***g *** “ge***rational ch******nism”（****** 40-41）as that pract***e is def****** *** the passage？
（A） ***ndemn***g a present-day monarch ***rely bec***se many monarchs h**e been tyrann***al *** the past
（B） C***ng***g *** the f***mal standards of po***te***ss ***mmon *** o***'s youth *** such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is ******lerable
（C） Question***g the a***uracy of a rep***t written by an employee ***rely bec***se of the employee's gender
（D） Derid***g the superstitions a***ept*** as “science” *** past eras without acknowl***g***g the prevalence of irrational be***efs ***day
（E） Labe***ng a n***eteenth-century po***t***ian as “***rrupt” f*** engag***g *** once-a***eptable pract***es ***nsider*** ******lerable ***day
Passage 4
Milanko***tch propos*** *** the early twentieth century that the ***e ages were c***s*** by variations *** the Earth's ***bit around the Sun. F*** so***ti*** this the***y was ***nsider*** untestable， largely bec***se there was no suff***iently precise chronology of the ***e ages with wh***h the ***bital variations ***uld be match***.
To estab***sh such a chronology it is ***cessary *** determ***e the relative amounts of land ***e that exist*** at various ti***s *** the Earth's past. A recent dis***very makes such a determ***ation possible： relative land-***e volu*** f*** a given period can be d***uc*** from the ratio of two o***gen iso***pes， 16 and 18， found *** ocean s***i***nts. Almost all the o***gen *** water is o***gen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand ******rp***ate the he**ier iso***pe 18. When an ***e age beg***s， the ***nt***ental ***e sheets grow， steadily r***uc***g the amount of water evap***at*** from the ocean that will eventually return *** it. Bec***se he**ier iso***pes tend *** be left beh***d when water evap***ates from the ocean surfaces， the rema******g ocean water be******s progressively enr***h*** *** o***gen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand ******rp***ate the he**ier iso***pe 18. When an ***e age beg***s， the ***nt***ental ***e sheets grow， steadily r***uc***g the amount of water evap***at*** from the ocean that will eventually return *** it. Bec***se he**ier iso***pes tend *** be left beh***d when water evap***ates from the ocean surfaces， the rema******g ocean water be******s progressively enr***h*** *** o***gen 18. The degree of enr***h***nt can be determ****** by analyz***g ocean s***i***nts of the period， bec***se these s***i***nts are ***mpos*** of calcium carbonate shells of mar***e ***ganisms， shells that were ***nstruct*** with o***gen a***ms drawn from the surround***g ocean. The higher the ratio of o***gen 18 *** o***gen 16 *** a s***i***ntary speci***n， the m***e land ***e there was when the s***i***nt was laid down.
As an ***d***a***r of shifts *** the Earth's c***mate， the iso***pe re***rd has two advantages. First， it is a global re***rd： there is remarkably ***ttle variation *** iso***pe ratios *** s***i***ntary speci***ns taken from different ***nt***ental locations. Se***nd， it is a m***e ***nt***uous re***rd than that taken from rocks on land. Bec***se of these advantages， s***i***ntary e***dence can be dat*** with suff***ient a***uracy by radio***tr*** ***thods *** estab***sh a precise chronology of the ***e ages. The dat*** iso***pe re***rd ***ws that the fluctuations *** global ***e volu*** over the past several hundr*** thousand years h**e a pattern： an ***e age o***urs roughly once every 100，000 years. These data h**e estab***sh*** a strong ***n***ction between variations *** the Earth's ***bit and the period***ity of the ***e ages.
However， it is imp***tant *** note that other fac***rs， such as volcan*** part***ulates *** variations *** the amount of su***ight receiv*** by the Earth， ***uld potentially h**e affect*** the c***mate. The advantage of the Milanko***tch the***y is that it is testable： changes *** the Earth's ***bit can be calculat*** and dat*** by apply***g New***n's laws of gr**ity *** progressively ear***er ***nfigurations of the bodies *** the solar system. Yet the lack of ***f***mation about other possible fac***rs affect***g global c***mate does not make them unimp***tant.
1. In the passage， the ***th*** is primarily ***terest*** ***
（A） suggest***g an a***ernative *** an outdat*** research ***thod
（B） ***troduc***g a ***w research ***thod that calls an a***ept*** the***y ****** question
（C） emphasiz***g the ***stabi***ty of data gather*** from the app***cation of a ***w scientif*** ***thod
（D） present***g a the***y and describ***g a ***w ***thod *** test that the***y
（E） ***itiat***g a debate about a widely a***ept*** the***y
解答：
Passage 1： BBDDD CD
Passage 2： DEADC BAA
Passage 3： ABDBC CDE
Passage 4： D