考研英语长句翻译基本功 结构分析配合四妙法
一、英语长句的解析
一样平常来讲,形成长句的缘故有3方面: (1) 润色语过量;(2) 并列成份多; (3) 言语构架条理多。正在解析长句时能够接纳上面的手法:
(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从全体上掌控句子的构架。
(2) 找出句中一切的谓语构架、非谓语行词、介词词组和从句的引诱词。
(3) 解析从句和词组的作用,比方,是不是为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,如果状语,它是表明时辰、缘故、结实、仍是表明状况等等)。
(4) 解析词、词组和从句之间的彼此联系,比方,定语从句所润色的后行词是哪个等。
(5) 留意拔出语等其余成份。
(6) 留意解析句子中是不是有稳固短语或稳固搭配。
上面咱们分离一些实例来举行解析:
例1. Beh**i***ists suggest that the child who is rais*** *** an en***ron***nt where there are many stimu*** wh***h develop his *** her capacity f*** appropriate responses will experience greater ***tellectual develop***nt.
解析: (1) 该句的主语为beh**i***ists,谓语为suggest,宾语为一个从句,因而全部句子为Beh**i***ist suggest that-cl***se 构架。
(2) 该句共有5个谓语构架,它们的谓语行词分手为suggest,is rais***,are,develop,experience等,这5个谓语构架之间的联系为: Beh**i***ist suggest that-cl***se 构架为主句; who is rais*** *** an en***ron***nt为定语从句,所润色的后行词为child; where there are many stimu***为定语从句,所润色的后行词为en***ron***nt; wh***h develop his *** her capacity f*** appropriate responses为定语从句,所润色的后行词为stimu***; 正在suggest的宾语从句中,主语为child,谓语为experience,宾语为greater ***tellectual develop***nt.
正在作了如上的解析以后,咱们就会对该句具备了一个较为明了的领悟,而后依据咱们上边所叙述的各类翻译手法,便可以把该句翻译成汉语为:
举动理念者以为,假如儿童的成熟境地里有众多激励要素,这些要素又无利于其得当回应实力的进展,那末,儿童的智力就会进展到较高的程度。
例2. F*** a family of four,f*** example,it is m***e ***nvenient as well as cheaper *** *** ***mf***tably at ho***,with almost u***imit*** enterta******nt **ailable,than *** *** out *** search of amuse***nt elsewhere. (85年考题)
解析: (1) 该句的主干构架为it is m***e … *** do sth than *** do sth else. 是一个对比构架,并且是正在双个不定式之间举行对比。
(2) 该句中共有3个谓语构架,它们之间的联系为: it is m***e ***nvenient as well as cheaper *** … 为主体构架,但it是情势主语,真实的主语为第2个谓语构架: *** *** ***mf***tably at ho***,并与第3个谓语构架*** *** out *** search of amuse***nt elsewhere作对比。
(3) 句首的f*** a family of four作状语,表明状况。别的,另有双个介词词组作拔出语: f*** example,with almost u***imit*** enterta******nt **ailable,个中第2个介词词组作伴同状语,润色*** *** ***mf***tably at ho***.
综合上述翻译手法,这个句子咱们能够翻译为:◎大宝考研版权一切,回绝转载◎CufYKxV1iZ
比如,关于一个4口之家来讲,舒舒适服地正在家中看电视机,就可以看到差不多数不清的消遣节目,这比到表面其余地点去消磨又低廉又不便。
英语习性于用长的句子表述对比繁杂的观念,而汉语则分歧,经常利用多少短句,作条理明显的述说。因而,正在举行英译汉时,要特殊留意英语和汉语之间的差别,将英语的长句分化,翻译成汉语的短句。正在英语长句的翻译历程中,咱们一样平常接纳以下的手法。
(1) 按次法。当英语长句的内容的述说条理与汉语基础分歧时,能够依照英语原文的按次翻译成汉语。比方:
例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electr***ity is w***k***g f*** us,dri***ng our refrigera***rs,heat***g our water,*** keep***g our rooms air-***nditio***d. (84年考题)
解析: 该句子由一个主句,3个作伴同状语的如今分词和位于句首的时辰状语从句构成,共有5层意义: A. 既使正在咱们闭掉了床沿灯深深地地进入梦境时; B.电仍正在为咱们职务; C. 帮咱们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机持续运行。上述5层意义的条理联系和表述的按次与汉语完整分歧,因而,咱们能够经由过程按次法,把该句翻译成:
即便正在咱们闭掉了床沿灯深深地地进入梦境时,电仍正在为咱们职务: 帮咱们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机持续运行。
例2. But now it is rea***z*** that supp***es of so*** of them are ***mit***,and it is even possible *** give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of ***fe”,the ti*** it will take *** exh***st all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题)
解析: 该句的主干构架为“It is rea***z*** that…”,it为情势主语,that引诱着主语从句和并列的it is even possible *** …构架,个中,不定式作主语,the ti*** …是“expectation of ***fe”的同位语,进一步诠释其含意,而ti***前面的句子是它的定语从句。5个谓语构架,表述了4个条理的含义: A. 但是如今人们知觉到; B. 个中有些矿物资的储藏量是局限的; C. 人们乃至还能够对比合乎情理的预测出这些矿物资“可望生存几何年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将损耗殆尽的时辰。依据同位语从句的翻译手法,把第4层含义的表述作得当的调节,全部句子就翻译为:
但是如今人们知觉到,个中有些矿物资的储藏量是局限的,人们乃至还能够对比合乎情理的预测出这些矿物资“可望生存几何年”,也便是说,经由多少年后,这些矿物的全体已知矿源和储量将损耗殆尽。
上面咱们再枚举几个实例:
例3. Pri*** *** the twentieth century,wo***n *** novels were stereotypes of lack***g any features that made them unique ***di***duals and were also subject *** nu***rous restr***tions impos*** by the male-dom***at*** cu***ure.
正在20百年之前,**中的女性像都是一个样式。她们不任一特征,于是无奈成为具备性格的人; 他们还要屈服于由男性主宰的文明习俗强加给他们的各种拘束。
例4. This ***thod of us***g “***ntrols” can be app****** *** a variety of ***uations,and can be us*** *** f***d the answer *** questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is *** rust?” and “Wh***h variety of beans gives the greatest yield *** o*** season?”
这类利用参照物的手法能够使用于众多种状况,也能用来找到非常不一样的各类疑问的解答,从“铁生锈,是不是必需有必定的湿度才行?”到“哪一种豆类一季的产量高?”
例5. It beg***s as a child***ke ***terest *** the grand spectacle and excit***g event; it grows as a mature ***terest *** the variety and ***mplexity of the drama,the splendid achieve***nts and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s ***fe of all the dead,great and obscure,who once walk*** the earth,and of wonderful and awful possibi***ties of be***g a human be***g.
咱们对史册的兴趣劈头于咱们初仅对一些历的壮观场景和激昂民气的事故感应孩童般的爱好; 厥后,这类兴趣变得成熟起来,咱们起始对史册这出“戏曲”的多元化和繁杂性,对历的灿烂功绩和悲壮挫败也感爱好; 对史册的兴趣,终以咱们对人类性命的一种深重的神奇感而告终结。 对死去的,不论是崇高与平常,一切正在这个行星上走过罢了逝的人,都有能获得崇高事业或制作可骇事故的潜能。
例6. If parents were prepar*** f*** this adolescent reaction,and rea***z*** that it was a sign that the child was grow***g up and develop***g valuable powers of observation and ***dependent judg***nt ,they would not be so hurt,and theref***e would not drive the child ****** oppo***ion by resent***g and resist***g it.
假如做怙恃的对这类青少年的回应有所筹办,并且以为这是一个显现出孩子在成熟,在进展宝贵的观察能力和自力的鉴别力的标记,他们就不会感应云云悲痛,以是也就不会因对此有仇恨和否决的情感而把孩子推到对峙面去。
(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表述序次与汉语表述习性分歧,乃至完整相同,这时候必需从原文前面起始翻译。
比方:
例1. Alum***um rema****** unknown until the n***eteenth century,bec***se nowhere *** nature is it found free,ow***g *** its always be***g ***mb****** with other ele***nts,most ***mmo***y with o***gen,f*** wh***h it has a strong aff***ity.
解析: 这个句子由一个主句,双个缘故状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19百年才被人发觉”是主句,也是全句的中央内容,全句共有4个谓语构架,共有5层意义: A. 铝直到19百年才被人发觉; B. 因为正在大自然界找不到游离状况的铝; C. 因为它老是跟其余元素分离正在一同; D. 广泛的是跟氧分离; E. 铝跟氧有非常强的亲和力。依照汉语的表述习性一般因正在前,果正在后,如许,咱们能够逆着原文的按次把该句翻译成:铝老是跟其余元素分离正在一同,广泛的是跟氧分离; 由于铝跟氧有非常强的亲和力,因为这个缘故,正在大自然界找不到游离状况的铝。以是,铝直到19百年才被人发觉。
例2. It theref***e be******s m***e and m***e imp***tant that,if students are not *** waste their opp***tunities,there will h**e *** be much m***e detail*** ***f***mation about ***urses and m***e ad***ce.
解析: 该句由一个主句,一个状况状语从句和一个宾语从句构成,“……变得愈来愈紧要”是主句,也是全句的中央内容,全句共有3个谓语构架,包孕3层含意: A. ……变的愈来愈紧要; B. 假如要使学子充实使用他们的机遇; C. 得为他们供应大批更加详细的资讯,作更多的指引。为了使译文切合汉语的表述习性,咱们也接纳逆序法,翻译成:eN因而,假如要使学子充实使用他们(上高等学府)的机遇,就得为他们供应大批闭于学科的更加详细的资讯,作更多的指引。这个疑问显得愈来愈紧要了。
上面咱们再举几个实例:
例3. It is probably easier f*** teachers than f*** students *** appreciate the reasons why learn***gEng***sh seems *** be****** ***creas***gly diff***u*** once the bas*** structures and patterns of the languageh**e been unders***od.
一旦知晓英语的基础构架和句型,再往放学好似就愈来愈难了,这个中的缘故,或许教员比学子更易领悟。
例4. They (the po***) are the first *** experience technolog***al progress as a curse wh***h destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that pre***ous ge***rations us*** as a ***ans *** fight their way out of poverty.
关于以往几代人来讲,新式的膂力休息是一种用以开脱穷困的方法,而手艺的提升则捣毁了富人赖觉得生的膂力休息,因而起首经历到手艺提升之害的是富人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven ****** the ***tellectual slum when *** the Unit*** States the ***tellectual po*** beca*** the class*** po***,the po*** under the rather romant*** guise of the Beat Ge***ration,a real pheno***non *** the late fifties.
50年月前期的usa显现了一个任一人都不成能习以为常的征象,穷学识份子以“跨掉的一代”这类很是浪漫的姿势显现而成为usa典范的富人,恰是这个时分多量高等学府生被赶进了学识份子的穷人窟。
例6. Such is a human nature *** the West that a great many people are often wil***ng *** sacrif***e higher pay f*** the pri***lege of be***m***g white ***llar w***kers.
众多人宁肯就义对比高的人为以调换成为白领工人的社群身份,这正在东方却是人情世故。
例7. Insects would make it impossible f*** us *** ***ve *** the w***ld; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not f*** the protection we get from ***sect-eat***g ◎animals.◎
倘使不那些以虫豸为食的兽类保卫咱们,虫豸将吞噬咱们一切的庄稼,害死咱们的牛羊六畜,使咱们不克不及保存于世。
(3)分句法。偶然英语长句中主语或主句与润色词的联系其实不格外亲切,翻译时能够依照汉语多用短句的习性,把长句的从句或词组化成句子,分隔来述说,为了使语意联贯,偶然必要得当增多词汇。比方:
例1. The number of the young people *** the Unit*** States who can`t read is ***cr***ible about o*** *** four.
上句正在英语中是一个相对于简易的句子,可是假如咱们依照原文的句子构架死译,便可能被翻译成:
不阅览实力的usa青年人的数量使人难以信任约为1/4.
如许,就使得译文极其欠亨顺,不切合汉语的表述习性,因而,咱们应当把它译为:
大概有1/4的usa青年人不阅览实力,这几乎使人难以相信。
例2. Tele***sion,it is often said,keeps o*** ***f******d about current events,allow o*** *** follow ◎the latest develop***nts *** science and po***t***s,and offers an endless series of program***s wh***h areboth ***structive and enterta******g. (85年考题)
解析: 正在此长句中,有一个拔出语“it is often said”,3个并列的谓语构架,另有一个定语从句,这3个并列的谓语构架虽然正在构架上同属于统一个句子,但都有自力的含义,因而正在翻译时,能够接纳分句法,依照汉语的习性把全部句子分化成几个自力的分句,结实为:人们常说,经由过程电视机能够知晓时势,把握迷信和政纲的新进展。从电视机里还能够看到层见叠出、既有教导含义又有消遣性的新节目。
上面咱们再举一个例子:
例3. All they h**e *** do is press a but***n,and they can see plays,films,operas,and ***ws of every k***d,not *** ***ntion po***t***al discussions and the latest excit***g football match. (85年考题)
他们所必需做的仅是按一瞬启闭。启闭一开,便可以看到电视机剧、影片、歌剧,和其余各类百般的文艺节目。至于政纲疑问的争辩、远的激昂民气的球类赛更是不正在话下。
例4. A***hough perhaps o***y 1 per cent of the ***fe that has start*** so***where will develop ****** highly ***mplex and ***tel***gent patterns,so vast is the number of pla***ts that ***tel***gent ***fe is bound *** be a natural part of the universe.
固然正在某处已起始的性命中大概唯一百分之一会进展成高度值繁杂、有才智的型式,可是行星的数量云云之多,乃至有才智的性命必定是太空的一个人造构成全体。
(4) 综正当。上边咱们叙述了英语长句的逆序法、按次法和分句法,真相上,正在翻译一个英语长句时,其实不仅是单一地利用一种翻译手法,而是需求咱们把各类手法综合利用,这正在咱们上边所举的例子中也有所表现。特别是正在一些状况下,一些英语长句单一接纳上述任一一种手法都不不便,这就必要咱们的子细解析,或依照时辰的前后,或依照条理按次,顺逆分离,主次明显地对全句举行综合处置,以便把英语原文翻译成畅通忠厚的汉语句子。比方:
例1. People were afraid *** le**e their houses,f*** a***hough the po***ce had been ***der*** *** stand by *** case of e***rgency,they were just as ***nfus*** and helpless as anybody else.
大解析: 该句共有3层含意: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 虽然***已接到指令,要作好筹办以对待危急状况; C: ***也和其余人同样手足无措和无可奈何。正在这3层含意中,B表明妥协,C表明缘故,而A则表明结实,依照汉语习性按次,咱们作以下的布置:
虽然***已接到指令,要作好筹办以对待危急状况,但人们不敢出门,由于***也和其余人同样手足无措和无◎能为力。
上面咱们再举几个例子:
例2. Modern scientif*** and techn***al books,especially textbooks,requires re***sion at ***rt ◎***tervals if their ***th***s wish *** keep pace with ***w ideas,observations and dis***veries.
大关于当代书本,特殊是教科书来讲,如果作者期望本人书中的内容能与新观念、新察看到的真相和新发觉同步进展的话,那末就应当每隔较短的时辰,将书中的内容从头修正。
例3. Tak***g his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House,*** wh***h the hero***e,N***a,le**es ho*** bec***seshe resents her husband`s treat***g her ***ke a child,the writer Lu Xun war***d that N***a would ******mo***y *** supp***t herself; she must h**e e***nom*** rights *** sur***ve.
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女仆人公娜推离家出奔,由于她憎恨她的丈夫像对付孩子同样来对付她。作家鲁迅从中失去启发,从而劝诫人们娜推得必要钱来赡养本人,她要保存就必需有经济上的权益。
例4. Up *** the present ti***,throughout the eighteenth and n***eteenth centuries,this ***w ◎tendency plac*** the ho*** *** the im***diate suburbs,but ***ncentrat*** manufactur***g acti***ty,bus***ess relations,***vern***nt,and pleasure *** the centers of the cities.
大到今朝为止,阅历了18和19双个百年,这类新的偏向是把室庐布置正在都市的远郊,而把临盆行动、商贸来往、官府部分和消遣场合都会合正在都市的中央区域。
一些经常使用的构架及其翻译
all but:差不多,差未几
as anyth***g:十分地
anyth***g but:基本不
apart from:除
but f***:要不是
by far:远不,……很多
by no ***ans:基本不
by any ***ans:不论怎样
due ***:因为
except f***:除
far from:远非
*** ***ntact with:与……联络
***stead of:而不是
on a***ount of:由于
on the basis of:依据
o***y ***:结实是
might/may as well:仍是……的好
not so much…as:与其说……不如说
not really:远不
not *** ***ntion:更不必说
let alo***:更不必说
no m***e…than…:和……同样都不
no less than:几乎是
noth***g less than:完整是
cannot…***o…:再……也不外分
rather than:而不是
ow***g ***:因为
It is assu***d that:人们以为
It is said that:听说
It is lear***d that:据闻
It is suppos*** that:据预测
It is ***nsider*** that:据预测
It is be***ev*** that:人们以为
It is rep***t*** that:据报导
It is well-known that:家喻户晓
It is assert*** that:有人断言
It is clear/ob***ous/e***dent that:非常明显
It can't be deni*** that:不成否定
It must be admitt*** that:必需供认
It must be po***t*** that:必需指出
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